MOTS-c represents a paradigm-shifting discovery in peptide research — a signaling molecule encoded by mitochondrial DNA that functions as a systemic hormone. Its identification challenged the long-held view that mitochondria are only energy-producing organelles.
Research Applications
Exercise mimetic research, metabolic homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, aging biology, mitochondrial-nuclear communication, and AMPK activation studies.
Dosage Information (Research Use)
Research protocols: 0.5-1 mg administered daily in animal models (scaled). Research use only — human dosing protocols not established.
Reconstitution & Handling
Standard BAC water reconstitution.
Half-Life & Pharmacokinetics
Not fully characterized in published pharmacokinetic studies.
Reported Observations in Literature
Limited adverse effect data — primarily studied in animal models. No significant toxicity reported at research doses.
Key Research References
- Lee C, et al. “The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance.” Cell Metab. 2015
- Kim KH, et al. “MOTS-c: An equal opportunity insulin sensitizer.” J Mol Med. 2019